Assessment of Groundwater Quality using CCME-WQI Method in Kurupam Region, Vizianagaram District, Andhra Pradesh, India

G.V.R. Srinivasa Rao¹ G. Rupa Kumari²*, B. Kalyanaramu³

¹Faculty, Department of Civil Engineering, AU College of Engineering (A), Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh (India).

²Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, AU College of Engineering (A), Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530003, Andhra Pradesh (India).

³Faculty, Department of Chemistry, M.R. College (A), Vizianagaram-535002, Andhra Pradesh (India).

*CorrespondingAuthorE-mail: g.rupakumari@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The aim of the present work is to study the groundwater quality assessment of Kurupam and surrounding mandals of Vizianagaram District. It is done by analyzing the groundwater samples collected from several sampling locations spread across the study area uniformly. A total number of 528 groundwater samples are collected from bore holes of 44 selected locations in the study area at regular monthly intervals and analyzed for various quality indicating parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, TH, TA, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, CO₃^2-, HCO₃^-, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NO₃^-, F^- using standard laboratory procedures. The overall quality of groundwater in the study area was assessed using water quality index method of Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME-WQI). From the analysis it has been observed that quality of about 13.64% of the water samples is Excellent, about 59.09% is Good, about 18.18 % is Fair and about 9.09% is Marginal in the study area.

KEYWORDS: Calcium, Canadian Water Quality Index, Chloride, Fluoride, Magnesium, Nitrates

1. INTRODUCTION:

Water is essential for human survival and industrial development. For many rural and small-scale communities, groundwater is the only source of drinking water. Groundwater quality depends on the quality of recharged water, atmospheric precipitation, inland surface water and subsurface geochemical processes. The quality of groundwater varies due to a change in chemical composition of the underlying sediments and aquifer. However, in the recent past groundwater quality is getting deteriorated due to various reasons and making it unsuitable for drinking purposes. Groundwater, in general, is less susceptible to bacterial pollution when compared with the surface water. But it contains several chemical elements like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, HCO₃^-, Cl^- and SO₄^2- which play an important role in the assessment of quality of groundwater. Therefore, the assessment of groundwater quality for drinking has become a necessary and an important task for the present and future groundwater quality management.

Several studies have been conducted on the assessment of groundwater quality^1-10 using water quality index and comparison methods. Several researchers conducted studies to assess the quality of surface water^11-12 using CCME-WQI method. The groundwater quality assessment was done in Cauvery deltaic region, Tamilnadu, for drinking¹³ and in Kadava River basin, Maharashtra for drinking and irrigation^14-15 using the same method. According to the literature, the studies related to assessment of water quality using CCME Water Quality Index in Vizianagaram district was not yet conducted. Therefore, the present study aimed to apply CCME Water Quality Index to study the groundwater quality in the study area for drinking.

Study Area:

The study area considered for this work is Kurupam and surrounding mandals of Vizianagaram district. It lies between 18-40’ and 19-10’ of the northern latitudes and 83-15’ and 83-46’of the eastern longitudes (FIG.1). Latitude and Longitudes of the Sampling locations are presented in the Table 1. The study area occupies an around 910 sq.km and comprises of 460 villages.

Fig 1: Location map of the Study Area

Table 1: Latitude and Longitudes of the Sampling locations

S. No.	Sample Id	Sampling Station	Mandal	Latitude	Longitude
1	KS1	Beerupadu	GL Puram	19^003^’40^”	83^028^’20^”
2	KS2	Chemuduguda	GL Puram	19^000^’43^”	83^042^’53^”
3	KS3	Dolukona	GL Puram	19^007^’34^”	83^036^’41^”
4	KS4	Duddukhallu	GL Puram	18^056^’33^”	83^033^’19^”
5	KS5	GLpuram	GL Puram	18^058^’22^”	83^039^’24^”
6	KS6	Karlaguda	GL Puram	18^058^’30^”	83^035^’15^”
7	KS7	Marriguda	GL Puram	19^007^’39^”	83^038^’30^”
8	KS8	Mulalikkidi	GL Puram	19^000^’55^”	83^040^’11^”
9	KS9	Muliguda	GL Puram	19^004^’12^”	83^033^’40^”
10	KS10	Kambavalasa	Komarada	18^051^’46^”	83^025^’27^”
11	KS11	Kodulagumpa	Komarada	18^052^’27^”	83^028^’42^”
12	KS12	Komarada	Komarada	18^053^’52^”	83^027^’59^”
13	KS13	Kotipam	Komarada	18^051^’49^”	83^027^’43^”
14	KS14	Madalangi	Komarada	18^053^’49^”	83^029^’45^”
15	KS15	Pudesu	Komarada	19^000^’06^”	83^021^’29^”
16	KS16	Vannam	Komarada	18^052^’50^”	83^030^’02^”
17	KS17	Vikramapuram	Komarada	18^048^’46^”	83^026^’49^”
18	KS18	Gangannaora valasa	Kurupam	18^047^’36^”	83^042^’05^”
19	KS19	Gumma	Kurupam	18^057^’28^”	83^038^’38^”
20	KS20	Kurupam	Kurupam	18^052^’19^”	83^033^’49^”
21	KS21	Rajjali	Kurupam	18^055^’5^”	83^037^’57^”
22	KS22	Ramuduguda	Kurupam	18^053^’21^”	83^045^’39^”
23	KS23	Relliguda	Kurupam	18^058^’59^”	83^043^’48^”
24	KS24	Sivvannapeta	Kurupam	18^052^’17^”	83^032^’49^”
25	KS25	Alamanda	Jiyyammavalasa	18^048^’26^”	83^036^’07^”
26	KS26	Ankavaram	Jiyyammavalasa	18^046^’41^”	83^034^’49^”
27	KS27	Arnada	Jiyyammavalasa	18^047^’26^”	83^033^’15^”
28	KS28	Bj puram	Jiyyammavalasa	18^048^’01^”	83^034^’54^”
29	KS29	Chinamerangi	Jiyyammavalasa	18^050^’32^”	83^033^’06^”
30	KS30	Parajapadu	Jiyyammavalasa	18^047^’58^”	83^032^’57^”
31	KS31	Addapuseela	Parvathipuram	18^045^’49^”	83^027^’26^”
32	KS32	Antivalasa	Parvathipuram	18^041^’52^”	83^021'00"
33	KS33	Dokisheela	Parvathipuram	18^045^’50^”	83^017^’47^”
34	KS34	Gopalapuram	Parvathipuram	18^047^’44^”	83^027^’12^”
35	KS35	Pedamariki	Parvathipuram	18^048^’48^”	83^023^’46^”
36	KS36	Puligummi	Parvathipuram	18^042^’46^”	83^021^’17^”
37	KS37	Sangamvalasa	Parvathipuram	18^046^’58^”	83^021^’57^”
38	KS38	Chilakam	Garugubilli	18^043^’30^”	83^031^’55^”
39	KS39	Garugubilli	Garugubilli	18^042^’47^”	83^029^’58^”
40	KS40	Kothuru	Garugubilli	18^041^’43^”	83^032^’22^”
41	KS41	Pedagadaba	Garugubilli	18^043^’46^”	83^026^’40^”
42	KS42	Ravupalli	Garugubilli	18^041^’50^”	83^031^’24^”
43	KS43	Thotapalli	Garugubilli	18^047^’17^”	83^030^’09^”
44	KS44	Vullibhadra	Garugubilli	18^045^’30^”	83^028^’40^”

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In the present investigation, a total number of 528 groundwater samples were collected from 44 different sample stations of the study area from November 2018 to October 2019. Month wise analysis was done. Samples were collected in pre-cleaned polythene bottles by washing with non-ionic detergents, rinsed with water, 1:1 hydrochloric acid and finally with de-ionized water. Before sampling, the bottles were rinsed three times with sample water. Tube wells were operated at least five minutes before collection of the water samples. The water quality parameter estimation was done using standard methods¹⁶. Samples were brought to the laboratory and kept at 4^◦C until used for analysis of physico-chemical parameters.

pH parameter was measured by digital pH meter (Elico LI-120), EC measured by conductometer (Elico CL-351), TDS determined by Gravimetry, nitrate (NO₃^-) ion determined by UV-visible spectrophotometer (Elico SL-177) with 1cm quartz cell, using Phenol Disulphonic Acid (PDA) method, Fluoride (F^- ion) determined by SPADNS method and other parameters such as Total Hardness (TH), Total Alkalinity (TA), Calcium, Magnesium, Chloride, carbonate and bicarbonates ions are determined by titrimetrically. Sulphate is determined by turbidimetry using standard barium chloride solution. Sodium ion measured by flame photometry (Elico CL-361).

Water Quality Index method:

Several WQIs have been proposed by Researchers^17-19 and used appropriately by Governmental agencies and researchers. Among several WQIs, the Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment Water Quality Index (CCMEWQI), National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI), Oregon Water Quality Index (OWQI) and Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index Method (WAIWQI) are commonly used. Among those methods, CCME WQI method was applied to assess groundwater quality of study area.

CCME Water quality Index:

Canadian water quality index is the water quality index developed by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME 2001)²⁰ and is used among the researchers in developing countries for simplifying the reporting of water quality data and delivers a broad overview of water quality data. This method requires Water Quality Objectives (WQOs) and this essentially consists of two steps. Step I: Calculation of three measures of variance from WQOs (scope F₁, frequency F₂ and amplitude F₃). Step II: Deduct from 100 the value of square root of sum of squares of F₁, F₂ an F₃ divided by 1.732 to produce a value between 0 and 100 that represent the overall water quality. Scope F₁ represents the number of variables not meeting water quality objectives; frequency F₂ considers the number of times these objectives are not met; and amplitude F₃ is the measure of the amount by which the objectives are not met. Based on CCME-WQI values, quality of water is classified²⁰ into five categories, as shown in the TABLE 2. While calculating the WQI, the permissible values (Si) for the parameters are considered as per the WHO/BIS and are shown in TABLE 3.

Table 2: Classification of water quality based on CCME-WQI values

WQI range	Ranking of water quality	Abbreviation used in Table 4 for ranking	Remarks
95-100	Excellent	EXC	Water quality is protected with a virtual absence of threat or impairment; conditions very close to natural or pristine levels.
80-94	Good	GOOD	Water quality is protected with only a minor degree of threat or impairment; conditions rarely depart from natural or desirable levels.
65-79	Fair	FAIR	Water quality is usually protected but occasionally threatened or impaired; conditions sometimes depart from natural or desirable levels.
45-64	Marginal	MAR	Water quality is frequently threatened or impaired; conditions often depart from natural or desirable levels.
0-44	Poor	POOR	Water quality is almost always threatened or impaired; conditions usually depart from natural or desirable levels.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

The test results of varied parameters are showing some fluctuations based on chemical analysis. The minimum (Min), maximum (Max) and mean values of the analyzed physical and chemical parameters and CCME-WQI values are presented in TABLE 3 and TABLE 4 respectively.

Table 3: Analysis of Groundwater Samples: Minimum, Maximum and Mean values of Physical and Chemical parameters

Sample ID	KS1			KS2			KS3			KS4
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	6.58	7.31	6.99	6.74	7.40	7.08	6.80	7.95	7.11	6.58	7.80	7.05
EC	975.00	1032.00	1000.75	1770.00	1835.00	1801.92	475.00	580.00	536.33	660.00	720.00	688.67
TDS	644.00	680.00	660.08	1154.00	1194.00	1173.00	322.00	390.00	362.42	442.00	480.00	461.42
NO3	12.38	19.00	15.62	20.00	24.00	22.17	6.00	12.00	9.67	10.00	16.00	12.65
TH	212.00	240.00	228.08	340.00	360.00	351.25	90.00	130.00	110.00	140.00	160.00	151.67
Ca	39.00	43.00	40.83	52.00	56.00	54.00	21.00	25.00	23.00	25.00	30.00	26.50
Mg	25.00	28.00	26.17	51.00	55.00	53.00	13.00	17.00	15.00	13.00	16.00	14.50
Na	21.00	28.00	24.92	10.00	15.00	12.25	10.00	17.00	14.75	12.00	16.00	14.17
Cl	34.00	50.00	38.33	15.00	25.00	18.75	20.00	30.00	22.50	20.00	24.00	21.50
SO4	17.00	21.00	19.00	3.00	7.00	5.00	6.00	11.00	8.67	12.00	17.00	14.25
CO3	5.00	9.00	7.00	12.00	16.00	14.00	5.00	10.00	7.92	8.00	16.00	11.92
HCO3	170.00	210.00	195.42	350.00	370.00	359.75	100.00	120.00	110.42	80.00	120.00	100.00
F	0.33	0.43	0.37	0.31	0.44	0.37	0.27	0.36	0.31	0.35	0.47	0.40
TA	190.00	230.00	215.42	372.00	420.00	389.75	120.00	160.00	139.17	100.00	140.00	120.00

Sample ID	KS5			KS6			KS7			KS8
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	7.50	8.10	7.82	6.80	7.50	7.15	7.50	8.00	7.73	7.00	7.50	7.25
EC	1257.00	1423.00	1337.25	525.00	595.00	567.50	890.00	951.00	924.25	954.00	1015.00	985.17
TDS	824.00	930.00	879.58	356.00	400.00	382.25	591.00	628.00	611.08	630.00	670.00	650.00
NO3	19.00	24.00	21.44	5.00	9.00	7.03	23.00	28.00	25.36	5.00	10.00	7.20
TH	235.00	255.00	245.00	100.00	130.00	118.83	210.00	240.00	225.00	235.00	255.00	244.42
Ca	42.00	47.00	44.67	25.00	29.00	27.00	68.00	72.00	70.00	45.00	49.00	47.00
Mg	25.00	29.00	27.00	10.00	14.00	12.00	9.00	13.00	11.00	29.00	33.00	31.00
Na	32.00	38.00	36.08	10.00	16.00	13.08	10.00	16.00	13.25	15.00	25.00	21.58
Cl	48.00	65.00	55.50	17.00	25.00	20.00	15.00	25.00	20.25	25.00	40.00	33.25
SO4	8.00	13.00	10.83	20.00	24.00	22.00	11.00	15.00	13.00	17.00	21.00	19.00
CO3	17.00	21.00	19.00	5.00	9.00	7.00	10.00	14.00	12.00	18.00	22.00	20.00
HCO3	175.00	210.00	191.67	80.00	110.00	91.33	195.00	230.00	213.33	200.00	220.00	210.00
F	0.60	0.72	0.66	0.31	0.48	0.38	0.35	0.51	0.43	0.16	0.33	0.24
TA	195.00	230.00	211.67	100.00	130.00	113.67	215.00	250.00	233.33	220.00	240.00	230.00

Sample ID	KS9			KS10			KS11			KS12
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	6.58	7.80	7.04	6.70	7.32	6.99	7.28	8.00	7.55	7.09	7.83	7.31
EC	1232.00	1420.00	1311.42	880.00	985.00	953.08	1142.00	1211.00	1174.33	1001.00	1049.00	1021.92
TDS	808.00	929.00	858.83	582.00	650.00	629.58	750.00	794.00	770.92	660.00	692.00	673.67
NO3	25.00	30.00	27.01	8.00	12.00	10.38	8.00	14.00	10.86	8.00	13.00	10.67
TH	315.00	335.00	325.00	190.00	210.00	200.00	220.00	240.00	227.75	190.00	215.00	204.17
Ca	90.00	94.00	92.00	38.00	42.00	40.00	37.00	42.00	39.17	31.00	35.00	32.33
Mg	16.00	20.00	18.00	23.00	27.00	25.00	29.00	33.00	31.17	25.00	31.00	28.33
Na	24.00	29.00	26.75	16.00	22.00	18.92	24.00	30.00	26.92	42.00	49.00	45.67
Cl	35.00	45.00	41.08	25.00	35.00	29.08	38.00	44.00	40.75	66.00	71.00	68.58
SO4	22.00	26.00	24.00	14.00	18.00	16.00	12.00	16.00	14.00	17.00	21.00	19.00
CO3	4.00	9.00	6.33	6.00	10.00	8.00	18.00	22.00	19.67	22.00	26.00	24.00
HCO3	280.00	320.00	300.00	180.00	205.00	191.67	180.00	200.00	192.50	135.00	170.00	150.58
F	0.27	0.41	0.34	0.39	0.48	0.43	0.34	0.50	0.41	0.34	0.46	0.39
TA	300.00	340.00	320.00	200.00	225.00	211.67	200.00	220.00	212.33	155.00	190.00	170.58

Sample ID	KS13			KS14			KS15			KS16
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	6.60	7.80	7.14	6.84	7.40	7.16	7.09	7.54	7.34	7.50	7.90	7.67
EC	790.00	845.00	819.75	1125.00	1170.00	1137.58	880.00	923.00	898.17	1112.00	1157.00	1127.92
TDS	525.00	560.00	543.75	739.00	770.00	747.58	582.00	610.00	594.42	731.00	760.00	741.25
NO3	5.00	9.00	6.93	9.00	14.00	11.18	10.16	14.00	12.05	13.00	18.00	15.56
TH	120.00	135.00	129.33	272.00	285.00	277.83	160.00	180.00	170.75	256.00	275.00	265.75
Ca	21.00	26.00	23.17	21.00	25.00	23.00	23.00	27.00	25.17	28.00	34.00	30.08
Mg	15.00	19.00	17.17	50.00	54.00	52.00	22.00	27.00	25.00	43.00	47.00	45.00
Na	17.00	25.00	20.92	8.00	15.00	12.17	5.00	11.00	7.83	5.00	11.00	8.17
Cl	25.00	40.00	32.00	10.00	25.00	18.67	5.00	18.00	12.00	5.00	20.00	12.33
SO4	9.00	13.00	11.00	23.00	27.00	25.00	12.00	16.00	14.00	6.00	10.00	8.00
CO3	10.00	14.00	12.00	3.00	7.00	5.00	4.00	24.00	15.67	11.00	15.00	13.00
HCO3	95.00	115.00	106.00	260.00	280.00	268.50	155.00	175.00	164.00	245.00	270.00	258.33
F	0.24	0.33	0.28	0.36	0.49	0.42	0.19	0.32	0.24	0.29	0.38	0.32
TA	115.00	135.00	126.00	280.00	300.00	288.50	175.00	195.00	184.00	265.00	290.00	278.33

Sample ID	KS17			KS18			KS19				KS20
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range			Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min		Max
pH	7.40	8.00	7.74	6.84	7.40	7.15	7.02	7.50	7.21	6.60		7.40	7.15
EC	1501	1554	1531	1138.0	1173.00	1155.25	1348.00	1437.00	1385.00	1135.00		1191.00	1165.58
TDS	980.00	1014.00	999.17	748.00	770.00	759.00	882.00	939.00	905.92	746.00		782.00	765.67
NO3	10.00	14.00	12.00	12.50	17.00	14.46	20.00	24.00	22.17	5.00		10.00	7.58
TH	415.00	435.00	424.67	158.00	175.00	166.33	284.00	310.00	297.92	220.00		240.00	229.42
Ca	83.00	87.00	85.00	31.00	35.00	33.00	60.00	68.00	62.42	41.00		45.00	43.00
Mg	51.00	55.00	53.00	17.00	21.00	19.00	31.00	36.00	34.08	28.00		32.00	30.00
Na	50.00	57.00	53.67	23.00	31.00	27.67	31.00	37.00	34.42	22.00		27.00	25.33
Cl	75.00	90.00	82.42	35.00	50.00	42.50	51.00	55.00	52.92	35.00		45.00	39.00
SO4	69.00	73.00	71.00	10.00	14.00	12.00	9.00	13.00	11.17	12.00		16.00	14.00
CO3	19.00	25.00	21.08	3.00	7.00	5.00	32.00	39.00	35.08	7.00		11.00	9.00
HCO3	320.00	350.00	336.00	145.00	170.00	156.67	230.00	260.00	240.17	208.00		230.00	219.42
F	0.38	0.49	0.42	0.19	0.29	0.24	0.28	0.40	0.34	0.34		0.48	0.40
TA	340.00	370.00	356.00	170.00	210.00	184.00	250.00	280.00	260.17	228.00		250.00	239.42

Sample ID	KS21			KS22			KS23			KS24
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	7.50	7.90	7.68	7.09	7.50	7.24	6.90	7.50	7.13	7.10	7.50	7.29
EC	963.00	1001.00	974.58	729.00	807.00	753.67	729.00	807.00	763.92	1326.00	1385.00	1356.92
TDS	636.00	660.00	643.25	486.00	536.00	501.67	486.00	535.00	507.58	868.00	906.00	888.50
NO3	12.00	17.35	14.49	14.50	19.00	16.83	11.00	16.00	13.02	16.00	20.00	18.00
TH	228.00	256.00	241.83	215.00	235.00	225.00	205.00	225.00	215.33	265.00	280.00	272.33
Ca	41.00	45.00	43.00	37.00	41.00	39.00	44.00	48.00	46.00	62.00	66.00	64.00
Mg	27.00	31.00	29.00	27.00	31.00	29.00	25.00	29.00	27.00	26.00	30.00	28.00
Na	26.00	35.00	30.92	8.00	16.00	12.42	15.00	21.00	18.67	30.00	37.00	34.42
Cl	40.00	55.00	47.50	10.00	25.00	19.08	25.00	35.00	28.67	47.00	60.00	53.00
SO4	12.00	22.00	18.00	3.00	7.00	5.00	16.00	20.00	18.00	19.00	23.00	21.00
CO3	14.00	18.00	16.00	32.00	39.00	34.58	17.00	21.00	19.00	26.00	30.00	28.00
HCO3	185.00	210.00	197.50	160.00	190.00	170.00	180.00	205.00	191.67	208.00	230.00	218.67
F	0.47	0.63	0.54	0.32	0.44	0.38	0.31	0.43	0.37	0.30	0.43	0.36
TA	205.00	230.00	217.50	180.00	210.00	190.00	200.00	225.00	211.67	228.00	250.00	238.67

Sample ID	KS25			KS26			KS27			KS28
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	7.20	7.80	7.42	6.90	7.40	7.17	7.20	7.80	7.45	7.34	7.90	7.64
EC	1741	1884	1786	1132	1251	1196	1686	1760	1730	2009.00	2101	2063.92
TDS	1134	1225	1164	744.00	820.00	785.08	1100	1146	1127	1305.00	1364.00	1340.50
NO3	27.00	32.00	29.77	8.00	12.00	10.00	8.00	12.00	9.74	27.00	31.00	29.05
TH	370.00	395.00	384.17	285.00	305.00	295.33	375.00	395.00	383.33	590.00	605.00	594.92
Ca	23.00	28.00	25.33	55.00	59.00	57.00	28.00	33.00	30.00	60.00	65.00	62.33
Mg	75.00	79.00	77.00	37.00	41.00	39.00	72.00	76.00	74.00	104.00	108.00	106.00
Na	27.00	33.00	31.17	26.00	31.00	28.67	25.00	35.00	32.00	9.00	13.00	11.00
Cl	40.00	55.00	47.42	40.00	50.00	43.83	47.00	50.00	49.00	15.00	20.00	16.92
SO4	17.00	21.00	19.00	8.00	12.00	10.00	10.00	16.00	13.00	51.00	55.00	53.00
CO3	6.00	10.00	8.00	42.00	46.00	44.00	10.00	14.00	12.00	74.00	79.00	76.58
HCO3	365.00	390.00	377.50	230.00	250.00	240.00	375.00	390.00	380.83	420.00	460.00	441.67
F	0.30	0.37	0.33	0.34	0.51	0.42	0.31	0.43	0.36	0.27	0.39	0.33
TA	385.00	410.00	397.50	250.00	270.00	260.00	395.00	410.00	400.83	440.00	480.00	461.67

Sample ID	KS29			KS30			KS31			KS32
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	6.58	7.67	7.18	6.74	7.80	7.15	7.00	7.60	7.35	7.40	8.00	7.74
EC	975	1052	1001	1570.00	1610.00	1590.58	2001.00	2091.00	2058.92	2626.00	2686.00	2653.75
TDS	644.00	693.00	661.00	1024.00	1050.00	1037.33	1300.00	1358.00	1337.33	1700.00	1740.00	1717.58
NO3	11.00	15.00	13.00	14.00	18.00	16.00	19.00	25.00	22.15	43.00	47.00	45.00
TH	180.00	200.00	189.42	275.00	295.00	286.50	520.00	540.00	530.00	470.00	490.00	480.00
Ca	29.00	33.00	31.00	57.00	61.00	59.17	108.00	112.00	110.00	108.00	112.00	110.00
Mg	24.00	28.00	26.00	30.00	34.00	31.92	63.00	67.00	65.00	49.00	53.00	51.00
Na	21.00	28.00	25.50	33.00	40.00	36.25	193.00	201.00	196.50	366.00	373.00	371.00
Cl	35.00	45.00	39.00	50.00	65.00	55.75	290.00	310.00	301.83	565.00	575.00	568.50
SO4	3.00	7.00	5.00	19.00	23.00	21.00	53.00	57.00	54.92	25.00	29.00	27.00
CO3	7.00	11.00	9.00	4.00	8.00	6.00	105.00	115.00	108.67	9.00	13.00	11.00
HCO3	170.00	202.00	181.42	255.00	280.00	267.08	260.00	280.00	269.58	400.00	430.00	415.00
F	0.37	0.50	0.43	0.36	0.47	0.41	0.30	0.42	0.35	0.49	0.63	0.55
TA	190.00	222.00	201.42	275.00	300.00	287.08	280.00	300.00	289.58	420.00	450.00	435.00

Sample ID	KS33			KS34			KS35			KS36
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	6.84	7.70	7.20	7.30	7.90	7.63	6.90	7.40	7.14	7.00	7.50	7.20
EC	1360	1423	1391	2379.00	2441.00	2411.00	1907.00	1970.00	1938.33	1165.00	1220.00	1188.75
TDS	890.00	930.00	910.00	1542.00	1582.00	1562.50	1240.00	1280.00	1260.00	765.00	800.00	780.50
NO3	34.00	38.00	36.00	43.00	47.00	45.00	34.00	40.00	36.50	21.90	27.00	24.13
TH	270.00	290.00	280.00	490.00	510.00	499.17	455.00	475.00	465.00	115.00	135.00	125.00
Ca	65.00	69.00	67.00	120.00	124.00	122.00	113.00	117.00	115.00	75.00	79.00	77.00
Mg	26.00	30.00	28.00	47.00	51.00	49.00	40.00	44.00	42.00	41.00	45.00	42.83
Na	60.00	67.00	63.67	224.00	231.00	228.42	117.00	123.00	120.92	14.00	21.00	17.83
Cl	90.00	105.00	97.67	345.00	360.00	352.42	180.00	190.00	186.08	20.00	35.00	27.42
SO4	70.00	74.00	72.00	53.00	57.00	55.00	61.00	65.00	63.00	16.00	20.00	18.00
CO3	8.00	11.00	9.33	14.00	18.00	16.00	4.00	8.00	6.00	77.00	86.00	80.33
HCO3	200.00	220.00	209.17	390.00	420.00	410.83	410.00	435.00	423.33	210.00	250.00	230.00
F	0.78	0.90	0.83	0.40	0.52	0.46	0.97	1.13	1.03	1.29	1.41	1.34
TA	220.00	240.00	229.17	410.00	440.00	430.83	430.00	455.00	443.33	230.00	270.00	250.00

Sample ID	KS37			KS38			KS39			KS40
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	7.20	7.70	7.46	7.00	7.60	7.24	7.00	7.80	7.31	7.02	7.60	7.22
EC	2274	2360	2313	2157	2341	2232	2157	2341	1814	1450	1526	1499
TDS	1475.00	1530.00	1500.17	1400.00	1518.00	1448.50	1400.00	1518.00	1180.83	946.00	996.00	978.58
NO3	39.00	47.00	42.46	16.00	21.00	18.97	16.00	21.00	44.67	3.00	6.00	4.85
TH	470.00	490.00	480.00	310.00	340.00	323.75	310.00	340.00	492.33	230.00	250.00	240.00
Ca	129.00	133.00	131.00	66.00	70.00	68.00	66.00	70.00	116.67	64.00	68.00	65.58
Mg	49.00	53.00	51.00	36.00	40.00	38.00	36.00	40.00	49.25	24.00	28.00	26.00
Na	165.00	176.00	171.92	27.00	32.00	30.33	27.00	32.00	248.50	26.00	33.00	29.42
Cl	255.00	270.00	264.25	40.00	50.00	46.58	40.00	50.00	382.42	40.00	49.00	45.17
SO4	69.00	73.00	71.00	17.00	21.00	19.00	17.00	21.00	22.25	54.00	59.00	57.00
CO3	11.00	15.00	13.00	24.00	30.00	27.25	24.00	30.00	75.67	11.00	15.00	13.00
HCO3	440.00	480.00	461.25	270.00	310.00	285.00	270.00	310.00	333.33	195.00	215.00	205.42
F	0.95	1.14	1.04	1.04	1.21	1.11	1.04	1.21	0.38	0.96	1.07	1.01
TA	460.00	500.00	481.25	290.00	330.00	305.00	290.00	330.00	353.33	215.00	235.00	225.42

Sample ID	KS41			KS42			KS43			KS44			Permissible values (Si)
Parameters	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean	Range		Mean
	Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max		Min	Max
pH	7.06	7.50	7.24	7.02	7.50	7.32	7.02	7.50	7.20	7.20	7.90	7.59	8.5
EC	1532	1657	1634	1926	2085	2014	1450	1649	1547	2402	2507	2456.58	1000
TDS	1000	1080	1065	1252	1356	1309	946.00	1075	1010	1556	1624.0	1592.08	600
NO3	21.00	26.00	23.66	52.00	57.00	54.27	4.00	10.00	6.17	23.00	29.00	26.01	50
TH	350.00	370.00	360.00	340.00	370.00	357.08	250.00	275.00	261.25	590.00	610.00	598.75	500
Ca	76.00	80.00	78.00	77.00	81.00	79.00	44.00	52.00	47.67	153.00	156.00	154.42	200
Mg	39.00	43.00	41.00	37.00	41.00	39.00	17.00	20.00	18.25	55.00	58.00	56.58	150
Na	90.00	95.00	92.50	230.00	241.00	236.25	39.00	45.00	41.75	282.00	287.00	285.08	200
Cl	140.00	150.00	142.67	360.00	370.00	363.08	61.00	67.00	64.08	438.00	442.00	439.75	250
SO4	24.00	28.00	26.00	9.00	14.00	11.00	3.00	7.00	5.00	64.00	68.00	66.33	250
CO3	20.00	24.00	22.00	10.00	21.00	13.49	5.00	9.00	7.00	121.00	130.00	124.92	30
HCO3	300.00	320.00	310.00	325.00	345.00	335.00	180.00	210.00	200.00	276.00	310.00	289.25	500
F	0.35	0.50	0.41	0.30	0.42	0.35	0.83	0.98	0.90	1.03	1.20	1.10	1.2
TA	320.00	340.00	330.00	345.00	365.00	355.00	200.00	230.00	220.00	296.00	330.00	309.25	200

Table 4: Calculated values of CCME- WQI of analyzed samples in the study area

Sample ID	KS1	KS2	KS3	KS4	KS5	KS6	KS7	KS8	KS9	KS10	KS11
VALUE OF CCME-WQI	84.10	80.16	100.00	100	83.11	100.00	89.24	84.30	81.79	88.80	82.62
RANKING OF WATER QUALITY	GOOD	GOOD	EXC	EXC	GOOD	EXC	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD

SAMPLE ID	KS12	KS13	KS14	KS15	KS16	KS17	KS18	KS19	KS20	KS21	KS22
VALUE OF CCME-WQI	88.32	100.00	82.21	95.82	82.26	81.10	84.84	76.11	82.32	84.92	90.60
RANKING OF WATER QUALITY	GOOD	EXC	GOOD	EXC	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	GOOD

Sample ID	KS23	KS24	KS25	KS26	KS27	KS28	KS29	KS30	KS31	KS32	KS33
VALUE OF CCME-WQI	94.40	82.06	80.15	76.18	80.29	66.76	85.49	81.36	58.33	65.24	82.04
RANKING OF WATER QUALITY	EXC	GOOD	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	GOOD	GOOD	MAR	FAIR	GOOD

SAMPLE ID	KS34	KS35	KS36	KS37	KS38	KS39	KS40	KS41	KS42	KS43	KS44
VALUE OF CCME-WQI	64.04	79.39	69.53	73.04	76.60	61.99	81.87	81.00	62.99	82.03	53.94
RANKING OF WATER QUALITY	FAIR	GOOD	FAIR	FAIR	FAIR	MAR	GOOD	GOOD	MAR	GOOD	MAR

CONCLUSIONS:

The results indicated that the water samples at 4 sampling stations out of 44 of the study area do not meet the required standards for drinking purpose based on CCME-WQI analysis as they are ranked as marginal.

The sampling stations where quality of Ground water as Marginal is noticed in the following Villages.

a) Addapuseela (KS31) in Parvathipuram Mandal

b) Garugubilli (KS39), Ravupalli (KS42) and Vullibhadra (KS44) in Garugubilli Mandal

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Received on 29.11.2020   Accepted on 19.12.2020              

©A&V Publications all right reserved

Research J. Engineering and Tech. 2020;11(4):178-186.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-581X.2020.00028.8